Unit 82 Some and any

some 과 any 의 용법
A ----------
일반적으로 some 은 긍정문에서 any 는 부정문에서 쓰입니다.
some:
We bought some flowers.
He's busy. He's got some work to do.
There's somebody at the door.
I'm hungry. I want something to eat.
any:
We didn't buy any flowers.
He's lazy. He never does any work.
There isn't anybody at the door.
I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.
부정의 의미를 갖고 있는 문장에서도 any 가 쓰입니다.
She went out without any money. (= She didn't have any nomey with her.)
He refused to eat anything. (= He didn't eat anything.)
Hardly anybody passed the examination. (= almost nobody passed)
B ----------
대부분의 의문문에서 any 가 쓰입니다.
Do you have any luggage?
Has anyone seen my bag?
그렇지만 'yes'(긍정) 의 대답을 기대하는 질문에서는 some 을 씁니다.
What's wrong? Do you have something in your eye? (It seems like you have something in your eye, and I expect you to answer "yes.")
상대방에게 무언가를 제공하거나 요청를 할 때에는 some 을 씁니다.
Would you like something to eat?
Can I have some sugar, please?
C ----------
조건절(if)에서는 any 를 씁니다.
If there are any letters for me, can you forward them to this address?
Let me know if you need anything.
의미상으로 조건절(if)의 의미가 있는 경우에도 any 를 씁니다.
I'm sorry for any trouble I've caused. (= if I have caused any trouble)
Anyone who want s to take the exam should give me their name today. (= if there is anyone)
D ----------
'어느 것이던 상관이 없는 경우'에 any 를 씁니다.
You can catch any bus. They all go downtown. (= it doesn't matter which bus you catch)
"Sing a song." "Which song should I sing?" "Any song. I don't care."
Come and see me anytime you want.
"Let's go out somewhere."Where shall we go?" "Anywhere. It doesn't matter."
We left the door unlocked. Anybody could have come in.
something 과 anything 의 비교:
A: I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (무언가)
B: What would you like?
A: I don't care. Anything. (= something, but it doesn't matter what) (아무 것이던)
E ----------
somebody/someone/anybody/anyone 은 단수형입니다.
Someone is here to see you.
그러나 대명사는 they/them/their 로 쓰이는 경우가 많습니다.
Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (= his or her umbrella)
If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (= he or she can)

Unit 83 No/none/any Nothing/nobody, etc.
in no none 부정어
부정어의 용법
A ----------
no 와 none
no + 명사, no = not a 혹은 not any
We had to walk home because there was no bus. (= there wasn't a bus)
I can't talk to you now. I have no time. (= I don't have any time)
There were no stores open. (= There weren't any stores open.)
no + 명사의 형태는 문장의 맨 앞에 쓰입니다.
The plane was late. No reason was given for the delay.
none 은 명사 없이 쓰입니다.
"How much money do you have?" "None." (= no money)
All the tickets have been sold. There are none left. (= no tickets left)
none of 의 형태로도 쓰입니다.
This money is all yours. None of it is mine.
none of + 복수명사 (none of the students, none of them, etc.)는 단수, 또는 복수 두가지가 가능합니다.
None of the stores were (or was) open.
B ----------
nothing, nobody / no one, nowhere
이러한 부정어들은 문장의 처음에 나올 수도 있고, (질문에 대한 대답으로서) 혼자서 쓰일 수도 있습니다.
Nobody came to visit me while I was in the hospital.
"What happened?" "Nothing."
"Where are you going?" Nowhere. I'm staying here."
이러한 부정어들은 동사 (특히, be 와 have) 뒤에 나올 수 있습니다.
The house is empty. There's no one living there.
We had nothing to eat.
nothing/nobody, etc. = not + anything/anybody, etc.
I didn't say anything. (= I said nothing.)
She didn't tell anybody about her plans. (= she told nobody)
The station isn't anywhere near here. (= is nowhere near here)
nothing/nobody 등의 부정어가 쓰일 때는 동사의 부정형을 쓰지 않습니다.
I said nothing. (I didn't say nothing 이 아닙니다)
Nobody tells me anything. (Nobody doesn't tell 이 아닙니다)
C ----------
any/anything/anybody 등은 "어떤 것이던(무엇이건, 누구이건) 상관이 없는 경우"에 쓰일 수 있습니다. (Unit 82 참조)
There was no bus, so we walked home.
- You can catch any bus. They all go downtown. (= it doesn't matter which)
(어느 것이든 상관 없이)
"What do you want to eat?" "Nothing. I'm not hungry."
- I'm so hungry, I could eat anything. (= it doesn't matter what)
(무엇이던 상관 없이)
The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (= everybody failed)
- The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed. (= it doesn't matter who)
(누구던 상관 없이)
D ----------
nobody / no one 은 they/them/their 의 대명사를 쓸 수 있습니다. (Unit 82 참조)
Nobody called, did they? (= did he or she)
The party was a disaster. No one enjoyed themselves. (= himself or herself)
No one in the class did their homework. (= his or her homework)

Unit 84 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty
in 가산명사 불가산명사 수량 형용사
수량형용사
A ----------
much 와 little 은 불가산명사에 쓰입니다.
much time, much luck, little energy, little money
many 와 few 는 가산명사에 쓰입니다.
many friends, many people, few cars, few countries
B ----------
a lot of / lots of / plenty of 는 '불가산명사'와 '가산명사의 복수형'에 쓰입니다.
a lot of luck, lots of time, plenty of money
a lot of friends, lots of people, plenty of idea
plenty = 충분한, 충분하고 남는
There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty of time.
C ----------
much 는 특히 구어체에서 긍정문에는 잘 쓰이지 않습니다.
We didn't spend much money. (부정문)
Does he go out much? (의문문)
We spend a lot of money. (We spent much money 가 아닙니다)
He goes out a lot. (He goes out much 가 아닙니다)
many, a lot (of), lots (of) 는 모든 종류의 문장에 다 쓰입니다.
Many people drive too fast. or A lot of / Lots of people drive too fast.
Do you know many people? or Do you know a lot of / lost of people?
He doesn't go out a lot. or He doesn't go out much.
D ----------
little 과 few 는 부정의 뜻입니다. (= not much / not many)
We had to make a quick decision. there was little time to think.
(= not much time; not enough time)(시간이 거의 없습니다)
Dave has few friends at the company now that Jason and Bruce have quit.
(= not many friends; not enough friends)(친구가 거의 없습니다)
very little 혹은 very few :
There was very little time to think.
Dave has very few friends at the company.
a little 과 a few 는 긍정의 뜻입니다.
a little = some, or a small amount:
Let's go and get something to drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves.
(a little time = some time; enough time to have a drink)
"Do you speak English?" "A little." (so we can talk a bit)
a few = some, or a small number
I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends, and we get together pretty often.
(a few friends = not many, but enough to have a good time)
"When was the last time you saw Claire?" "A few days ago." (= some days ago)
비교:
He spoke little English, so it was hard to communicate with him. (영어를 거의 못함)
He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate with him. (영어를 조금 함)
She's lucky. She has few problems. (= not many problems)
things are not going so well for her. She has a few problems. (= some problems)
only a little 과 only a few 는 부정의 뜻입니다.
We have to hurry. We only have a little time.
The town was very small. There were only a few houses.